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esoteric project Critique de Julio Ramón La Insignia Ribeyro

Author: Valdivia Gonzalo Davila

Ribeyro Julio Ramón (1929-1994) is a writer representative urban realist narrative generation Peruvian with 1950 Carlos Eduardo Zavaleta , Congrais Enrique Martín, Manuel Scorza, among others. Ribeyro highlighted in the story, was highly critical of the gaps between social classes and projects social mobility of people who end up in failure or dissatisfaction if not personal. One of these stories is the Insignia (1952), is a man who finds logo an esoteric society, the use and begins to meet with members of that organization, after ten years is a president but lost the sense of it and believes that red stripes painted on their conference should provide an answer . This story first appeared in the book Tales of circumstances Ribeyro (1958) and is subsequently collected in his complete works entitled The dumb word, published in four volumes, from 1973 to 1992.

is well known that the esoteric sects have sought adherents around the world, offering secret knowledge that can explain vaguely , Train their followers in their early mystics, but always monitor progress and access to books by grade organization in promoting its members. Furthermore, these companies claim to want to change society in a rough and ambiguous unbounded their projects, goals or methods, demand total submission and often assign all or a large percentage of the income of his acolytes for the organization.

The organization demonstrates its international status : The story happens in Lima, Peru, but the sect has connections with similar developments in other countries. The bookseller Martin, which makes known the organization of the narrator, to see him use the logo , speaks of the recent assassination in Prague Feifer, a leading member, after three years and having received the first grade year, the narrator is sent across to different America locations of your organization. Part of the progress offered by these companies to its adherents is the provision of travel paid by bosses and managers to accomplish missions that are in their promotion in grades of the sect. The narrator's income when it reaches the 5000 presidential dollars, significant figure for the time of story and it is an international currency by purchasing power. The objective of the sect is capturing fans all over without specifying the quality of knowledge offered , in order to obtain income from the contributions of members, but the leadership of this organization may allocate income older members that it considers useful to gain money and ensure the growth of your organization.

Orders sect's unusual: For the esoteric sects is vital to maintain an aura of occultism to draw the attention of their followers and motivate them to keep them there. The narrator makes no sense as getting orders parrots, copy numbers, training a monkey, these tasks remain strange veil of mystery in their managers because of their rarity, the sect replaced delivering a solid understanding of symbols that keep exotic appearance. Also had to spy on women who then disappear without a trace. The sect like the mafia controls the advancement of its members, the missing women are those who have accumulated information vital to the leaders of the sect in relations bedroom and are dangerous to the security of the organization. These sects influence in the minds of people who believe they will reach one day the secret knowledge and create assimilated by the exhibition of images, symbols and surface readings pseudoscientific nature and lacking in academic rigor. The narrator's last assignment was to make a thick mustaches, this represents an effort to conceal the identity of the leaders of the sect and concern not to be identified publicly . The sects have proposed projects that run on a schedule uncertain, as in reality these objectives exceed the strength of his organization, the senior prefer to stay in hiding not to be criticized for their lack of achievement in terms of change society, in which to get their designs as they confer a position of leadership and power would be tantamount to state control.

Silence on logo: This story just says that the badge of the sect is silver and has incomprehensible signs, no reports on its shape or design that makes it archetypal any esoteric organization , its importance is only for your group, all members of the sect's lead, does not speak if this sect is in competition with others of the same class or otherwise establish links among the various leaders of these organizations to assist in its long-term project takeover society. The logo is spread by the narrator to establish new branches on the mainland, the same is baffled the progress of his sect, and still do not understand the meaning of knowledge of it. Everything seems shallow silence, the narrator as a collaborator working with energy but only carried away by the will of his superiors.

Conclusion: The esoteric can induce a person to work on sects and organizations but does not fully convince his followers the value of knowledge to impart say. Sects provide an atmosphere of strangeness and the occult that serves to engage followers and prevent desertion but that does not justify why be. This lack of intellectual or scientific basis in the sect produced disillusionment of the narrator of this tale, who is left lead and a power sharing activities can not explain. These sects are criticized because all they do is exploit the credibility of his followers to grow and sustain themselves. The mystery about their origin and their knowledge is used to hide the banality of the same, because basically there is nothing edifying nor substantial that can come from them.

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Ethnography: OUTREACH STRATEGY VULNERABLE

¨

Velandia Mora, Manuel Antonio

Originally Published On: Colombian Society of Sexology. Latin American Journal of Sexology, Special Edition, Volume XIII, N º s 1, 2 and 3. Colombia, 1999. Pages 168 to 179.

During the process of bringing the community with information and prevention programs, some people report the presence of STD or HIV infection, signs of what they call "dry" or "agallones" they are "watered by many sides of the body" and that some are presenting "Jurgen" of time, likewise found that in the scientific literature and documents produced by NGOs, these same signs are described as persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, and this is the terminology usually used by those working in these institutions. Both groups refer to the same situation.

Many times l * s health team members fail to interpret what they communicate l * s * s users of their services or be understood by est * s, although in both groups there knowledge that would enable the construction approach and common health text.

Ethnography (Cortés 1,998) etymologically means description (Grafe ) lifestyle of a group of people used to live together ( ethnos). This Ethnos is the unit of analysis for the researcher (ethnographer), Ethnos can be a region, a community, a group within the community, a family, a guild, which constitutes an entity with relationships governed by custom and rights, obligations and reciprocal interactions, or because they share lifestyles and similar situations [3] , such as users of an entity providing services, using condoms, being gay, or living with HIV / AIDS. Ethnography seeks to place the actors in a historical context and is interested in attitudes, relationships that account for the set of values, interactions, interests and intentions.

Ethnography is a strategy that allows a description of social relationships, attitudes, behaviors, practices and knowledge of human groups that make up societies. To a better knowledge of human diversity, enabling the creation provide a database that conceives generalize certain behaviors and social habits, in this case of so-called vulnerable groups. Within each group each member is different and unique and each situation, because their conditions are typical, despite the risks they are exposed are common to all, for example, STDs, AIDS, HIV infection, teenage pregnancy, or poverty.

Ethnography and qualitative research tool used to turn a series of techniques and media. Among their techniques are:

Direct Observation and / or Participant . Is first hand and observe the particular behavior or collective microgrupal specific conditions of time, space and environment. The researcher recorded in a diary the most fundamental aspects observed in the daily behavior patterns, including such basic items as smells, sounds, movements, how they approach the preventive elements or discuss their use. The researcher is embedded in the community analyzed as a member of the same, taking an active part of society.

Conversations, interviews and questionnaires . They are communicative exchanges ranging from the less formal and are a casual chat to structured interviews following a questionnaire seeking to collect a complete and comparable aspects of interest. In interviews can locate specific , in which the investigator excerpted from verbalizing the experiences of his interlocutor specific aspects referred to as the hub of research and generally oriented questions from the overall experience of another through a questionnaire does not necessarily structured, but relativized to a theme (to go from general to specific), the interviews focused reference point to the experience with respect to a particular topic, ie, those conditions or axes as the investigator determines as priorities within the global information, experiences and experiences on the subject has his / * the research subject (ie, go from the particular to general). This information is contained in the working sessions, in a place that is not necessarily the respondent's living space.

Life Stories . Are in-depth interviews reveal how the person is perceived, how it reacts and how it has achieved various changes that have affected his life, which can make a historical reconstruction and identify how it fits your particular process in the social process. This allows us to glimpse the diversity to be found within a community. Unlike interviews, life histories are characterized by contact that the researcher assumes the respondent, as the stories require empathy as an essential element for the collection of information, because the process requires multiple meetings carried out at the place or places at which the interviewee develops their daily lives, because the research done at the same time an observation of that area and how the interview unfolds in it. The knowledge gained is a subjective assessment, which makes a person's location in time, space, relationships and procedures for a given historical moment.

Each investigator determines the method of analysis, ie, the strategies, the type and how you select the items you consider most important. Likewise, the significance that may have these items. Hence the importance of interpretation, which is found not expressed in the first instance, but its deeper meaning.

Focus Groups [4] . Technique that takes advantage of group dynamics and can achieve increased levels of understanding and deepening fundamental issues a topic of study in a small group of participants led by a trained moderator. The main reasons that make it more popular this qualitative ethnographic technique are, among others, the following:

- Interaction group among people who usually promotes richer responses and allows the contribution of new and original ideas.

- Obtaining direct knowledge of the behaviors, attitudes, language and perceptions of the group by observing the debate. This is especially important in the stages of "creative" in the initial development of a program.

- require less time and costs that the implementation of a series of interviews.

specific applications of research in a focus group clearly illustrate the importance of the following factors: Formation of ideas, selection of different designs, either conceptually or as a prototype to reduce the number of concepts to be included in a quantitative test, evaluation of the message concepts, identifying and defining problems, generating hypotheses about the reasons why certain product is chosen, will experience certain behavior, attitude or practice.

Different elements that must be present: Focus groups are used when: The interaction between the participants may encourage more interesting answers or new or original ideas, peer pressure / group will be valuable to promote their ideas and opinions contrary to elucidate , The matter is so delicate that participants give neutral answers or provide certain information, if you need depth of individual responses, the nature of the subject is such that most participants can say everything that is relevant or anything they know in a few minutes. At work on AIDS, sexuality and STIs have seen the need to delve into a number of categories [5] that enable the classification of information obtained and these are:

- myths and taboos regarding sexuality, health and gender relations, gender and emotional

- cultural elements and cultural habits: Regionalization, idiosyncratic and the particular way the individuals look, feel, express and take his own life.

- appropriate knowledge and false beliefs: Recovery and recognition of knowledge and imagination.

- Semantic body, sexuality and health: is the recognition of appropriate language, simple and easy to understand that is consistent with the way how people communicate in their particular semantics.

- particular values \u200b\u200bto life, body and health.

Ethnography allows the identification of a number of elements that allows the creation of communication tools for behavior change [6] such as

- Development messages based on existing information;

- Segmentation of audiences;

- Limited number of messages

- Preparing messages consistent with the target group and their needs;

- Emphasize the positive results of behavioral changes and present incorporation behavior changes as simple and attractive;

- Presentation of behaviors that are realistic and achievable

- transfer of skills to initiate and sustain behavior change;

- Creating supportive social norms ;

- Prepare the user * s * s for relapse of STI and HIV infection.

two concrete examples

Condoms made of synthetic resin

Needs:

1. What is the average penis size in Colombia? There are significant differences regions? It would produce different products that are appropriate to each region.

2. Do potential customers or not to accept a condom made from a material other than latex? What is the attitude toward using a condom made of synthetic resin?

3. Are there differences in the use of latex condoms with Synthetic Resin?

4. How prefer that is packaged condoms synthetic resin?, what would be the ideal way to pack, what color, how should it be called?

How were the responses:

questions A numeral one.

Technique: A sample consists of men who met the following criteria:

· Age: 19 to 40 years.

· Birthplace: Colombia's five geographic regions

· ; accepted to participate in research: implied allow his penis was measured in length and diameter, flaccid and erect. She checked the penis in a flaccid state. Later it was left alone to person: to achieve the excitement was possible to see magazines or videos. Each person stimulating his penis and its erection was complete when requesting the presence of the professional who made the measurement.

was not taken into account sexual orientation or marital status lso informants.

Size Average: 9 + / - 11.6 cm. Extended length: 21.24 cm. Shorter length of 7.6 cm

Average diameter: 53 mm; Major diameter: 59 mm, lower diameter: 47 mm

Comment: Unlike the imaginary socialized men holding the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts have longer penises than other men in the country, the penises were longer on average men in the region of Tolima.

People prefer that condoms are not "too long " as it were " feel bad." How in the different regions of the country of all sizes are "better one" average condom. " " Those who are small at best not use them." If anyone has a very small penis " the latex is also fall." It was decided to make the condom reference "UNIQUE" Length: 17 cm. Diameter: 58mm ± 1mm. The condom reference "UNISEX" Length: 17 cm. Diameter: 61mm ± 1mm.

to the questions of number two.

Technique: Conversations and focus groups

The material they are made "is new." People try to stretch it as their reference after the elongation of the latex. They feel "softer feel ", " thin" and is "very resistant ." They are attracted to is "very colorless " and that placing " not noticed almost " on the skin. The scientific evidence shows that the synthetic resin material that is highly resistant electrostatic pressure, tension and friction. Its thickness is 0.00045mm. Is 10 times thinner than latex. Completely colorless and odorless.

use Front worry "that sounds "Or" to fall "during intercourse. The synthetic resin adheres to the skin. During the penetration no sound other than the same sex as the lubricant acts as "shock" of the noise. Can be used with any type of lubricant.

At

Question number three.

Techniques: Direct observation, interview on time, discussions and focus groups

were asked to explain those used orally and a latex condom. They did individual and group. Some people were selected in the initial interview agreed to put the condom in front of the investigator. The selection criteria were the same group of number one, all persons were consistent users of latex condoms. They were asked to use condoms references "UNIQUE" and "unisex." With the results of the observation was performed manually using a condom with synthetic resin. The manual appears in each of the condom packaging.

to the questions of number four.

Technical: Focus groups

possible prototypes were created packages, ranging from the traditional model to packaging designs "feminine."

People felt that carrying condoms in his pocket is "somewhat uncomfortable " and furthermore, it "facilitates damaging." The packaging should "be discreet ." It was suggested a package that looks like a "credit card". What color was "discreet "And" like cards. "

The final packaging of the condoms "UNIQUE" and "UNISEX" is a card (see photo).

The names were selected from a pool of suggestions made in the focus groups or during interviews.

Another example of the realization of a qualitative research

How to properly use a protease inhibitor drug [7]

Sample: Men and women who live with HIV or AIDS receive care in programs that provide drugs inhibitors. Health team members working in various private institutions, NGOs and state AIDS programs (physician * s, nurses, workers, psychologists * s, educadoræs, volunteer * s). People were selected from both groups living in Cali and Bogota.

selection indicators: sex, age, time of diagnosis, HIV status, adherence or no treatment.

Needs:

People living with HIV or AIDS need treatment for a number of drugs known as inhibitors. Of these drugs are taken two or three (cocktail). Some must be taken with a full stomach, others with not eating. Medications can have a taste that is not pleasing to everyone and this makes the shot, causing rejection and non-adherence. They wanted to know specifically how to achieve greater adherence to protease inhibitor Ritonavir, trade name Norvir liquid form.

Concerns raised

1. How informed staff member health team to patients living with HIV / AIDS on how to properly use medications inhibitors

2. How patients use medicines.

3. That products change the flavor or prevent drug reflux that occurs in some people after the shot, and even before that.

How were the responses:

questions A numeral one.

Technique: Focus Group

L * s health team members consider the possibility of treatment is "... A lgo hopeful" that has meant "... A lot of expectation and great desire to learn about drugs, the mechanisms how these drugs act and to know what is best suited for each particular case . "In general, the development of therapeutics has motivated them to education, training and updating, but despite having knowledge of scientifically based conflict between the possibility of improving the overall health and what it means for (a) user * having to use drugs for long periods or even having to do without interruption. Someday ell * s * s claim: "... It becomes a chronic management is not fata l disease "another of them consider an additional situation" ... His life becomes ingest drugs, which is also live for that. Is that I say all day are pending drug that is uncomfortable ... ". These private reflections or statements made by (a) user * program can compromise adherence to medication.

The vast majority of professionals are afraid to additional situations that are generated by the expectation or the use of HAART (Highly Active Anti Retroviral Treatment): "... When people start treatment and start having loads undetectable are also generating false expectations that no longer have the problem of infection, they already solved your problem, then one returns to take people to zero and tells them the possibilities of risk and assume that you are healed and then they can go on with life who initially had . "Despite this they are aware of HAART," ... It's a good response, however, is a process that starts from drugs, it is something that is constructed with the patient, must be based on the provision that encourages the process and the ideal is to end in adherence " . Despite their willingness to support, they feel "... Much concern, because according to research all these medications will tend to make resistance.

On information, motivated above, at times tend to saturate with this the * user * s soa exaggerate some aspects, such as fear of not ingested enough fluid , are often motivated to take large amounts of liquid, perhaps thinking "as they will not comply" so, if they take a portion of the proposed amount, however will be fulfilled. Some myths were observed in views of patients, such as: ... hartísima I take water as a liter ( With each dose of ). What happens is that water helps me. I've seen that water helps me, it's easier to take my medications. One more, which referred to the liquid and the side effects said: "... I started a few attacks here (points to the bottom back ), the pain was so hard not resisted or standing or sitting, as the pain was so intense that a doctor gave me an injection and took away the pain, I said to the (...) you must take plenty of water, they told me to be take ten, fifteen, or twenty glasses water, I have that understanding, so I moved on to (...) and I are taking effect. " Another more explicit thus: "... At first I did like twelve glasses, but more is better , or liquid or milk or juice. One patient reported:" ... M doctor told me i had to take twenty-five glasses of water because it was to stop or avoid other calculations effects.

How patients use medicines.

Answers to the questions of number two.

Technique: Focus Group

" I heard that some are caught and taken all the drugs again and not take into account the hours that the doctor gives ", " these schedules are for the patient fuck", but each drug remains active time in the body: " If you do not follow these times, as the virus takes advantage and multiplies, and you can even become resistant to drugs and there they brought us the p ... because one is left with no alternative " " The same thing happens to those who, supposedly to save, they take the medication for a few, or believing that it will be better, they take larger amounts than their doctor has recommended . "

" Getting used to the schedule was not easy ", " I had a PDA I whistled a few minutes before having to take my medication so I could take the time to catch me " . "I was told the health team that I myself did my schedule, they supported me and changed it several times until I was perfect for my life will not change much ."

" Initially I did not I take a drug, I served order them and save a few days, until I was fully aware that if I wanted them to take and would not stop for anything . " "I know some stop taking their medications on weekends or when the viral load is undetectable "

Answers to Question Three numeral.

Technique: Focus Group, which includes tasting of medicinal products and flavors.

" liquid Norvir unlike that which was taken in capsules, should not keep in the fridge, so it no longer has that problem, and that makes it easy for a everything. " " Oh, and the taste is different. It comes with a slight licorice flavor and as a mint and burnt brown sugar (or candy that it is put to the custard, rather) . " " Like all drugs produced in a laboratory because it has a saborcito a chemist, but I tried it I know it's not as strong as some exaggerated."

" Like all medicines, if you want to not have that typical taste, it can achieve ". " One way is by eating something very cold, as this one numbs the tongue and not let you feel the flavor . " I prefer ice cream or juice with crushed ice or blended with ice cream is better, so I do with the leftover juice and stop not waste anything." "Without ice cream can be used to suck a little bit of ice and no more, no taste." "Also good if you take the cold drink, or eat ice cream immediately after the drug, but I prefer the first." "There are other ways to help with the taste, it may be some products that are available in everywhere. The nucite ® (Those who know how to milk, chocolate and nuts), but the nutritionist said that one should not be exceeded in the sweet, so this works well but is best done from time to time. Another thing I also know rich environment is flavored cookie nucite ® for Columbine, a wafer filled with hazelnut cream flavor. "

"Those who tried and say that if you take the medicine and then biting a green apple, Acidito takes the flavor right away." "When the apple has been in the fridge works much better." Bran cookies (which are pure fiber) also reduce the taste and is much better if something rubs them, served a little too nucite ® or smear peanut butter. "

"Some friends who love aguapanela taken shortly after taking the drug and say that this is also good for removing the taste of medicine." "I like the aguapanela ice with a few drops of lemon and it works better. Even also serve the single lemon, acidic fruit juices, like orange juice or lemonade, but better if taken with some sugar. " "And if you get eruptadera one made a little bit of salt in their mouths and go away quickly. When I feel that I return the flavor also use lemon drops and that helps me a lot. "

As can be seen in these two examples, qualitative research is ethnographic observation window on the world as it is, and how people interact freely with him. Through these field works were obtained realistic parameters for the creation of a resin package for condoms more appealing and practical in the eyes of consumers, and a manual for using drugs to improve adherence, and incidentally, improve the quality of life of people living with HIV or AIDS.

observations and conclusions achieved through ethnography are very hard to find in a strict quantitative research, since the variables are subject to the limitations imposed by the person asking the questions, but not by reality itself . Additionally, human contact allows the researcher to work more humane, in other words, more targeted to meet the needs of people who think, feel, laugh, suffer, live and die in a world that numbers and statistics do not reach completely draw conceptual coolness.

Bibliography

¨ [2] Sociologist, Master in Education. Director Latin American Journal of Sexology, Vice Colombian Society of Sexology.

[3] Tovar Cortez, Elsa. Approaches to ethnographic research Latin American Journal of Sexology, reprint No. 3, Page 77-78, Colombia 1,998.

[4] Velandia Mora, Manuel Antonio, The Qualitative Research Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario, Bogotá, 1998

[5] Velandia Mora, Manuel Antonio, educational methodologies: tools for health promotion, in Proceedings of Workshop on attitudes in the service and let's support Foundation / Ministry of Health / Board Coordinator of NGOs working in HIV / AIDS in Bogotá, 1998

[6] Velandia Mora, Manuel Antonio, Effective Communication: An approach that uses model-FHI-USAID AISCAP, Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario , Bogotá, 1998

[7]

Additional information may be requested from the author.

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And if the body screams ... (Let's cut the fags)

Summary of some chapters book And if the body screams ... (Let's stop queer)

For Lorena Silvestri and Joaquin Ruiz Olarte Ardila

Number of pages: 138 pages

Name of author: Manuel Antonio Velandia Mora

Editorial: equilateral

Release date: 1999

that publishes Country: Bogota, Colombia.

"Sexuality is a fundamental element in building individual, however some people are faced with the dilemma of being what you want to be or what the culture influenced by the family, school and society in general to be told about sex, body, gender, role gender, clothing and accessories, sexual orientation and sexual behavior. "(p. 47)

" The conceptualizations of sexuality must salvage any possible definition that the person makes of itself "(p. 47)

"Sexuality is unique as each individual who lives it." (p. 48)

"Speech particular sexualities are basically an explanation that each person makes to himself and to the most. In this attempt to explain part of the construction of social discourse of sexuality. This speech as such is not built, not a single reference, but if a socialized which makes the imaginary part of which takes about sexuality. Such speech is proposed as a possible alternative in the construction of sexuality, and I call "should be", and as such determines an order form and exchange sexualities. Is proper to each culture, time and place. "(P. 48)

" Each one, to build for himself @ a explanation should be placed in their appearance in particular the social elements and their particular experiences. "(p. 48)

" L @ s @ s human beings construct their identity not from a theoretical model; they construct their particular identity, and this involves a process that involves a degree of self-awareness "(p. 48)

" The "wanting to be" constructed as a process where the first thing that happens is that the individual makes a recognition of their desire, erotic mood or genitals. "(p. 49)

" In a second stage takes place introspection in which the individual focuses on himself, in reality, wishing and wondering about the problems, this would generate conflicts within, in their relations with others, and "should be "that can lead to take his desire." (p. 49)

"The third step is awareness, which involves the acceptance of possible consequences to which changes or adopt different attitudes to the" duty be ", or else from forgetting social follow suit one's desires." (p. 49)

"In a fourth step, it makes decisions, the person decides its position on the "should be", which may involve breaking or accommodation with this. "(p. 49)

" The fifth step is the negotiation, in which each person decides whether the model chose as his "wanting to be" as living in hiding, makes explicit for some others, or socialize. "(p. 49)

" The last step is to put your life from the "want to be "This implies the possibility of creating confrontations s up with others whose" desire to be "is different, or s up with others that treat the model is right become social advocates of" should be "individual or duty be social. "(p. 49)

" identied means that the experiences and the experiences of "wanting to be," reaffirms the person until he succeeds in identifying with his desire, at that time would be identified @ with her will be. "(p. 50)

" may have a "want to be" in the body, sex, gender and sexual orientation. "(p. 50)

"When we speak of men as a category psychosocial and biological means thinking as a person with a sex and relationship to others. The relationship with the other involves the link is possible from the socialization in the culture and therefore can only be sexed human being @ s. "(p. 51)

" When we talk about sex, talk about the possibilities and outcomes of psychosocial exchange sexual beings, therefore we can not say that animals have sex. "(p. 51)

" Making reference to the existence of sexuality is to recognize that every human being is unic @ y live in a particular way their sexuality, this mean that we tod @ s the possibility of "wanting to be". "(p. 51)

" As to the biological need not always clear that the "difference" between male and female is perfectly clear. "(p. 52)

" Men and women do not always identify with his body or his role of men and women. Some of them prefer, from the "want to be," assume a particular identity to the body and sex ... "(p. 54)

" The body is an integrated unit that is permanently affected directly or indirectly, not only for animal and plant nutrients, but also because of the link. Our body is nourished with caresses, tenderness, an encounter with another and another. "(P. 55)

"In man's all" natural ", but considered themselves to assume the roles of women." (P. 56)

"The reference to gender, is being mentioned a series of social constraints acting on the social intercourse of men and women. These buildings are historically determined, ie are typical of time, space, culture and society. " (Pág.56 - 57)

"male ideology does not just affect women exclusively, of course, also vulnerable who proposes therefore affects men who are also "victims" of machismo, sexism, phallocracy and imaginary own masculinity. For gay men the violation is twofold, as the receiving society, and exercise over their peers. "(P. 57)

" Gender is a category imposed on a body. As a cultural construction, man and woman under a different sexual roles including genital exchange. "(P. 59)

" In the case of genital relationships among gay men is usually identified socially one who is "active" one who "gets" and which therefore is the man in the relationship. Then expected to assume male roles, and their sexual partners take female roles. "(P. 59)

" Hence socially assume that being gay is not a man, and therefore if not is, by inference is a woman. "(p. 59)

" The lesbian, is more discrimination than gay men, because it seems to assume that lesbians give up their gender-defined as the ability of motherhood. When the lesbian experience of male behavior is even more discriminated against for trying to play a role considered proper members of the opposite sex, or rather for his daring to approach what is "proper to man." (p. 59 - 60)

"More commonly interpreted by those whose reading meta regarding the identity of the body, clothing and accessories allow them to "detect" who is the "man" and who the "woman" in the relationship. (P. 60)

"Men and women influenced by fashion clothing assumed to whether the culture as an important element in addition to the gender role. Each person in the course of its existence assumed for itself a through clothing, accessories cutting hair, makeup and clothing that generally translates into an image of the person. It is considered that there are images that correspond to the "ought" to the man or woman. The colors also correspond to the gender identity. It has enabled some brands to be socially "well regarded" as if carried by one or the other, such as jeans. "(P. 60)

" People in accordance with their gender identity and Gender assume for himself a costume and image, these become meta, which is a code that assumes particular group to identify itself to the environment. The company in turn interpreted such meta element of identity. "(p. 61)

" From the 60's accessories have been universally transformation. Imposed it and then called unisex androgyny. "(P. 61)

" The clothing is also an instrument in the social relations of power. The use of clothing and accessories is also a socialization of power, it follows that is socially accepted that women use considered masculine garments such as trousers, jackets, shirts and some accessories, and that this condition is not called a transvestite. "(p. 61)

"The travesty is a variant of sexual behavior of men, that is to use, either permanently or occasionally own clothes female. It is an approach to the emotional and erotic enjoyment, as it is a sexual behavioral expression and behavior assumed by men of all sexual orientations. " (P. 61)

"Initially in the United States, and subsequently in the rest of the world, some gay men are" masculine "or" machificado "their ways through extreme exercise and bodybuilding. To this is added the use of steroids, hormones, implants etc. " (P. 62)

"The" cloning "(a curious tendency to try to be unique even when they are all equal) in male and gay men, usually corresponds to a contradiction in gender identity, conceiving the practice homosexual conduct as comparable to being a woman. " (P. 63)

"Previously the model clone, machificación of gay men were represented in cowboy male model" (p. 63)

"refers to general changes men without distinction as to their sexuality, that economic production as (Usually actors or mimics) wear women's clothes as part of an outfit for their performance. This is not a category relating to homosexuality. The shifters do not consolidate their identity in the dress. "(P. 63)

" Hence, a "drag queen" is a man who occasionally assumes an exaggerated clothing, accessories and female behavior. "( pg. 64)

"Man is not a transvestite drag queen nor a man with a transgender identity, even though it is usually a gay man. Its presence is common only in big cities and usually manifests itself in the bars for men homosexuals and certain social circles. "(p. 64)

" Speaking specifically of sexual identity includes the perception of himself as a man or woman, individual conviction be internalized as such . Once identity has been established (and this occurs at an early age) can not be changed because that makes up the deep sense of unity belonging to one sex or another. "(P. 64)

" Sexual identity is the awareness that each person has of herself, with respect to gender, body, gender, sexual orientation and sexual behavioral expressions that may or may not correspond with the "should be" socialized on these same issues. It is structured in the socialization process, so the family environment, social, school, play a key role in its determination. However, sexual identity is not fixed, but that could change according to the "wanting to be" particularly one who builds. "(P. 65)

" Sexual identity is both particular social . That is, every person has a particular sexual identity, and this will always respect the sexual social identity. "(P. 65)

" The social identity model designates from sexual social imaginary, the "ought" of sexuality, ie, determines that sexuality should be for everyone. "(p. 65)

" particular sexual identity can be constructed from two possibilities, one involves a process of sexual identification, the other a process of sexual identication. "(p. 65)

" The process of identification sexual is that for which you get to make their own model sexual social identity. In socializing the person does not question the social model proposed for their sexuality, simply assumes that "should be" socialized is his "duty be "special." (P. 65)

"The identication sexual indicates a position about the" ought to "social, in which each person builds their sexuality and having regard to what should be, as well as their own experiences and feelings, ie, becomes "IdenTIC @" with "want to be," what he considers he wants, wants and needs to each other with respect to their gender identity, body identity, gender identity, role gender, sexual orientation and variations in sexual behavior. " (P. 66)

"particular gender identity refers to acceptance or rejection which people hold with regard to their genitals and how they are viewed as male or female. "(p. 66)

" With regard to the particular identity of sex, some people do not identified with the genitals with which they were born and therefore reject them. "(p. 66)

" Having a body identity possible to have a sexual identity, we sexed bodies, recognizing the substrate of identity sexual body-person is recognized. "(p. 67)

" The "ought" body person is influenced by culture and socialization processes. " (P. 67)

"In the construction of particular identity, the person makes an admission of his body, setting the acceptance or denial of it (or part thereof). From the conception you have in your physicality and "wanting to be" building a distinct identity of the body. Some men do not accept their corporeality. This makes their "personhood" and thus, building your corporate identity. " (P. 68)

"Some men and women consider their sameness (the awareness that has made all @ s mism @ s, understanding their limits in relation to l @ s otr @ s) , is not correct and you were born with a problem, namely that they are locked in a body that is not to he or she should have, assuming a particular negative identity of his own body and sex, these / as they called transsexuals. "(p. 68)

" In general, l @ s transsexuals are heterosexual, even from their social environment people refuse to accept them in their identication body, sex, gender and sexual orientation. "(p. 69)

" The material for the construction of gender identity would be mediated by access to information cultural tour in a particular social space, for example, a person has their own identity, but society can reach vulnerable both may even touch the end to deny itself the possibility of expressing socially. "(p. 70)

"people identify with a model increasingly global and inclusive. However, it continues to seek to identify with a gender role, either the individual or the social level required. "(P. 71)

" Everyone has, as a result of culture, demonstrations with trend toward a gender role, but with the presence of manifestations of the role the other gender. "(p. 71)

" Taking a behavior that is not considered "proper" or "worthy" of a genre called "mannerism." Gender mannerisms are not unique to a particular sexual orientation, however, often popularly identified gays and lesbians. "(P. 71)

" Some people have class from her will be, the absence of a specific trend, assuming for itself a role that has been called "androgyny." Androgynous someone is a man or a woman whose "gender role" overlaps others understand attitudes and male or female because they are not a role or behavior, but an attitude. "(p. 72)

(Transgender)" are those who have the physical structure of one sex considered proper gender behavior assume , typically considered characteristic of the opposite sex, ie, typical of the other gender. "(p. 72)

" Usually you think someone is transgender transvestite, but transvestism is a sexual behavioral expression (in other words for the pursuit of pleasure). A used clothing own transgender indicated gender, which is why you need to wear dresses and accessories that match the gender they take to their lifestyle. "(p. 72 - 73)

" The discourse of gender must be built from men and women. One of the drawbacks of the current gender discourse is that for a long time, built exclusively from women. This currently leads to talk of gender and popular belief that one is speaking of the feminine, or that gender is not related to the male, let alone with transgender. Perhaps this is why many men and women who are not interested in this theoretical process, consider that when they talk about "The Man" in daily life, refer to both sexes as do the criminal code, which means that women can be classified as male. "(p. 73)

" All people go through a few stages in the process of sexual identity construction. It is an ongoing and evolving process in which each step generates the latter.

In this construction, both men and women have desires, and even contacts affective approaches, Sex, and genitals. These can occur with people of either sex, without prejudging people in specific sexual orientation, but if an element that can support the decision to an orientation sexual. This can create conflict in people when they consider that any desire and approach to others of the same sex is an act l @ s determined as gay or lesbian. "(P. 92 - 93)

" In the argot of the homosexual population has identified two steps in the process of identity construction of gay and lesbian sexual orientation, the first of them was called "being in the closet", the second is called "coming out" . This output can be produced by the "outing " (which others make public the sexual orientation, using mass media). "(P. 93)

"The first stage of construction of the identity of sexual orientation is Coming In, internalized, explore one's self. The individual begins to become aware of their desire for another person of the same sex. Coming in is the most difficult moment in the construction of the identity of sexual orientation, he is so many people can stay in this stage for many years, even decades. " (P. 93)

"comes from the shame of both recognized than" should be "as to confront the model. While the person remains shameful can never transcend its process in Coming. "(p. 94)

" Usually, whoever is in Coming in is located in a building process unlike a heterosexual identity. It feels like the only person going through such circumstances. "(P. 95)

" People in the process of Coming in it is very difficult to use the word homosexual or lesbian to define itself @ s ; defined heterosexual produces no conflict at @ s people with this sexual orientation. L @ \u200b\u200bs bisexual conflict even when they live not for self-determination go through a process as difficult as that of the first group mentioned. "(p. 98)

" The second phase of construction of the identity of sexual orientation is Coming out . Is the process by which the individual seeks to leave another otr @ s, motivated in seeking to consolidate its unique identity sexual orientation, approaching the theoretical and experiential situations that facilitate the understanding of individual dynamics. " (p. 99)

"The coming out usually achieved only to small groups of people, primarily of the same sexual orientation and public places are excluded or most widely used for these people. "(p. 99)

" The Coming out induces a double life experience: the ghetto (bar , sauna, video, apartment) and private spaces (family, school, work). In the ghetto the person recognizes herself homosexual or lesbian in this space is "friendly" people to talk, or just people who look out naturally with otr @ s of the same sexual orientation. "(P. 99)

"In their families prefer to avoid approach to the subject and thus evade answering any questions or question raised by relatives or friends. Their answers are often evasive or negative. When authorizing some contacts, often lie about data such as their names, age, family status, place of residence, telephone. "(P. 100)

" In this time of construction sexual orientation still exists a strong fear that otr @ s different from their own ghetto become aware of such guidance. Generally, there is a strong fear that parents are aware of that fact and the same applies to other domain areas for the social exchange school and the workplace, even though often, if advised of the situation to some people in these social spaces. "(p. 101)

" The third stage of the process of identity construction guidance sex has been named by the author as Established Itself. The process in which the person seeks to consolidate one's self in a particular sexual orientation. What I mean usually when a minority sex, making a statement of it in the family environment, education and employment. "(P. 102)

" The vast majority of small group of people Established Itself continue to live their daily lives such phenomenon starts to rotate around their gay or lesbian and their needs extend to other issues now become more important. Initially these other issues are also often related to sexuality, but the working group is usually much larger and more diverse. "(P. 103)

" The last step in the process of identity construction guidance sex has been nominated by the author as Self Made . In this fourth stage of the counseling process is no longer the existential axis to be only one element more in their everyday lives, becoming ell @ s mism @ sl @ s doers / s of their own existence. "(p. 103)

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